Im pretty sure its 300 BCE
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Euclid, during his education in Athens around 300 BC, is thought to have been taught by former students of Plato. Although Euclid lived about 100 years later, he learned many of the teachings of Plato and used them in his own teaching at the university in Alexandria, Egypt, and compiled many of them in his writing of Elements.
Copernicus was employed by the Church and was reluctant to publish work that contradicted the scriptures. Publication of his book was delayed until the year he died, 1543.
If I understand you correctly, you would like us to provide you with a list of mathematicians, no matter their area of concentration, over a two thousand year time period. We're not here to write research papers of that magnitude. If you could narrow your request, you might receive a more satisfying answer.
He was a Polish clergy member who suggested the theory of the sun being the universe (heliocentric theory) instead of the Earth being the center (geocentric theory). I believe he is famous after death, since he did not publish his findings and date information about the heavens until the last year of his life, in fear of the Catholic Church damning him to purgatory for questioning their authority and belief of the geocentric theory.
Oh honey, Copernicus was shaking in his boots because he knew his heliocentric theory would ruffle some feathers in the church. He was smart enough to know that challenging the idea that the Earth was the center of the universe was basically asking for trouble. But hey, he eventually grew a pair and put it out there for the world to see.