Those are letters commonly used for variables. As such, they can stand for any number. A variable may refer to "any number", as in:For any number, call it "x", 2x = x + x
Or for a specific number, which has yet to be found, as in: find the value of "x", such that 2x + 1 = 7 (the solution is 3, in this example).
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As well as what Hilmar said, if you are thinking of Geometry, these letters are often used to name the three axes in 3D Geometry: X, Y and Z axis.
If you mean what is the name for what x, y, and z when used in math, then the word is variable.
X is divisible by Y if there is an integer Z such that X = Y*Z that is, Y will go into X without remainder.
A mathematical property, ~, is said to be transitive over a set S if, for any three elements, x y and z x ~ y and y ~ z implies than x ~ z. For example, "is greater than (>)" is transitive, but "is not equal to" is not.
(x - y)2 - z2 is a difference of two squares (DOTS), those of (x-y) and z. So the factorisation is [(x - y) + z]*[(x - y) - z] = (x - y + z)*(x - y - z)
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