A colon is used between the number of a ratio.
(A colon is also used to separate the digits of a sexagesimal (base 60) number used to represent seconds (or minutes) since midnight, ie the time of day.)
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The shape or symbol used to denote infinity is a 8 on its side: "∞"
It is the Greek letter phi. This browser will not allow me to show it.
Yes, the "prime" symbol (')can be used to denote minutes. The prime symbol looks similar to an apostrophe, but is a straight line. So, 10 minutes would be written as 10'. You didn't ask, but the double prime symbol can be used to denote seconds, as in 10".
Possibly because x and y are used to denote the real and imaginary parts, respectively.