correlation, temporal priority, lack of spurious correlation
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The three conditions necessary for causation between variables are covariance (relationship between variables), temporal precedence (the cause must precede the effect in time), and elimination of plausible alternative explanations (other possible causes are ruled out).
Researchers term the situation as correlation. Correlation indicates a statistical relationship between two variables, showing how they move together but not necessarily implying causation. The strength and direction of the correlation can provide insights into the relationship between the variables.
Experimentation in sociology involves designing and conducting studies to determine causation or relationships between variables in a controlled setting. Researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe their effects on others in order to test hypotheses and theories. This method allows sociologists to gather empirical evidence to understand social phenomena and human behavior.
Correlational surveys involve measuring the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. By collecting data on these variables from a sample of participants, researchers can determine the extent to which changes in one variable are associated with changes in another, providing insight into potential patterns or connections between the variables.
A casual relationship in research refers to a situation where a change in one variable appears to cause a change in another variable. It implies that there is a cause-and-effect link between the two variables. However, it is important to remember that correlation does not imply causation, and establishing a causal relationship requires further rigorous testing and evidence.
Sociologists often use scatter plots to visually represent the relationship between two variables. This graphical tool helps quickly identify patterns and trends in the data, showing the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables.