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Sampling error concerns natural variation between samples is always present and can be described using probability Is this true?
No, it is not true. Probability can be used to describe some properties of the variation but not all.
Concept of Probability sampling and chi square test?
A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. See: http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampprob.php The simple random sample is an assumption when the chi-square distribution is used as the sampling distribution of the calculated variance (s^2). The second assumption is that the particular variable is normally distributed. It may not be in the sample, but it is assumed that the variable is normally distributed in the population. For a very good discussion of the chi-square test, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson%27s_chi-square_test
Why do you use Stratified sampling?
They have used Stratified Sample. Design because stratified sample is a sampling technique in which the researcher divided the entire target population into different subgroups, or strata, and then randomly selects the final subjects proportionally from the different strata. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wants to highlight specific subgroups within the population. So in this Research this technique is used by the researcher.
Is p value a descriptive statistic?
No, it is not. A descriptive statistic is a measure such as mean, standard deviation etc., computed from a set of observations. A p value is something that is obtained by computing a test statistic (using a formula which may involve mean, variance etc.,) and finding the probability of obtaining a value as great as or greater than the one actually obtained. In other words, a p value is a probability and must lie between 0 and 1 whereas a descriptive statistic is not a probability. It is just a number used to describe a specific characteristic of a set of sata.
What type of sampling is used to estimate the percentage of defects?
random sampling
