It is a flow.
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You can use the slope function on excel which takes a cell range representing the Y-Variable and another cell range representing the X-Variables. For instance the Y-Variable may be a column of excess returns for a stock and the X-Variable maybe the column of risk premia.
It is a discrete random variable.
The distinction between these two types of variables is whether the variable regress on another variable or not. Like in a linear regression the dependent variable (DV) regresses on the independent variable (IV), meaning that the DV is being predicted by the IV. Within SEM modelling this means that the exogenous variable is the variable that another variable regresses on. Exogenous variables can be recognized in a graphical version of the model, as the variables sending out arrowheads, denoting which variable it is predicting. A variable that regresses on a variable is always an endogenous variable even if this same variable is used as an variable to be regressed on.
A random variable.
independent variable