there are few types of errors in levelling......
these arr......
1- instrumental error
2- collimation error
3- errors due to curvature and refraction
4- some other errors also
by replicating treatments
Percent error.
Experimental errors occur when the performer of experiment make a mistake. now Performer may be a human or it can be a machine or any apparatus and mistake may be of intentional, Conventional or mistake by mistake.
Random errors can be parallax and from changes in the environment.
Type II errors are the case of false negatives. In hypothesis testing, we begin with a speculative hypothesis. A type 2 error is created when the test fails to reject the null hypothesis, when the alternative hypothesis is, in reality, true. The null hypothesis can be thought of as the status quo, and the alternative hypothesis is what our experiment is telling us. You can reduce type 2 errors by increasing alpha. However, by increasing alpha, type 1 errors increase, that is to fail to accept the null hypothesis, when the alternative is, in reality, false. Is there any way to reduce both errors? If you increase your sample size (of course with good data), for the same alpha, both will decrease. The understanding of this is very important. It happens with mad cow disease. The tests were very good at identifying that a healthy cow was, in fact,a healthy cow. In thousands of tests, they never had an error. So type 1 errors never occurred, but they had so few cases of sick cows, that it was hard to know if type 2 errors, a cow was sick, but the test showed healthy, ever occurred.
levelling
basically two types of levelling.. 1.Direct Levelling 2.Indirect Levelling. further they can be classified as well.
there are commonly five tpes of levelling:- 1.simple levelling 2.differential 3.reciprocal levelling 4.profile levelling 5.cross section levelling
thue advantages and dis advantages of levelling
Levelling the Land was created in 1991-09.
differentiated by the set of instrument, observation methods and accuracy.
of Level
Ordinary spirit levelling uses a spirit level to measure height differences between points, whereas precise levelling involves more precise instruments like a digital level or automatic level to achieve higher accuracy in measurements. Precise levelling is typically used for engineering and construction projects that require more accurate measurements.
to levelling the soil.
to levelling the soil.
Levelling is used in construction to ensure that surfaces are flat and even. It is also used in surveying to determine the elevation differences between points on the ground. Additionally, levelling is used in landscaping to create terraces or level ground for various purposes.
ploughing levelling manuring