sampling variability and improper calibration of an instrument.
--Actually, improper calibration of an instrument would be a systematic error, as it would always be in the same direction and by the same amount.
--Random errors are unknown, unpredictable changes in the instruments or the environment. For example, the temperature of the room changed, or the doors of a balance were left open.
--Random errors are things that can be corrected for (mostly) by repeating the experiment or averaging the current results.
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Random errors can be parallax and from changes in the environment.
The only way to minimize random error is to repeat the experiment more times to get a better average. This means your result is accurate but not percise
Standard error is random error, represented by a standard deviation. Sampling error is systematic error, represented by a bias in the mean.
Sampling error leads to random error. Sampling bias leads to systematic error.
You can overcome or reduce the problem of random error and systematic error while doing an experiment by increasing the sample size, which means averaging over a huge number of observations.