It is information collected about entities. Both these terms are vague and this is because the type of information as well as the entity, which the information refers to, can be so varied.
The type of information can be
The observation units (entities) can be people, trees, countries, diseases, galaxies.
You can have one observation each about many entities but also more than one observations about a single entity, or a single observation about a single entity.
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The purpose of statistical inference is to obtain information about a population form information contained in a sample.
Statistical question
Statistical inference is a conclusion about the value of a population parameter based on information from the corresponding sample statistic and the associated probability distribution.
A company may need statistical consulting if they were wanting different information on services or products they provide to the public. Statistical consulting could help a company market their products by analyzing data on the usage of the products.
de-identified information