A hypothesis is the first step in running a statistical test (t-test, chi-square test, etc.)
A NULL HYPOTHESIS is the probability that what you are testing does NOT occur.
An ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS is the probability that what you are testing DOES occur.
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In statistics, we have to test the hypothesis i.e., null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. In testing, most of the time we reject the null hypothesis, then using this power function result, then tell what is the probability to reject null hypothesis...
with the alternative hypothesis the reasearcher is predicting
I think you are asking: What is hypothesis testing in the field of statistics. See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing
There is no inferential data. There is inferential statistics which from samples, you infer or draw a conclusion about the population. Hypothesis testing is an example of inferential statistics.
There can be no proper answer since it is not known whether the alternative hypothesis is one sides or two sided.