The range, inter-quartile range (IQR), mean absolute deviation [from the mean], variance and standard deviation are some of the many measures of variability.
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The pattern of variability - as opposed to variability itself - is termed skedasticity.
Perhaps the data that you are given.
It tells you how much variability there is in the data. A small standard deviation (SD) shows that the data are all very close to the mean whereas a large SD indicates a lot of variability around the mean. Of course, the variability, as measured by the SD, can be reduced simply by using a larger measurement scale!
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Sets of data have many characteristics. The central location (mean, median) is one measure. But you can have different data sets with the same mean. So a measure of dispersion is used to determine whether there is a little or a lot of variability within the set. Sometimes it is necessary to look at higher order measures like the skewness, kurtosis.
In a small data set, the range. However, I would not like to try and find the range for the volume of rain drops, or the size of sand grains!