The simplistic answer is that August will have five Mondays if the month starts on a Saturday, Sunday or Monday. Three days out of the seven so the probability is 3/7 = 0.4286. However, that assumes that any day of the week is equally likely and that is not the case. The impact of leap years and their 2800-year cycle is to increase the probability to 0.43
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If a 31-day month starts on a Friday, Saturday or Sunday it will have 5 Sundays; if not it will have 4. So the probability is 3/7.
It is a certainty. There will always be at least one month that will meet the requirement.
5 mondays however this only applies on earth, depending on the planets orbit there could be more, for example: Saturn has an orbit of 10 759 earth days in a year, compared to earths 365 1/2 days per year. So taking into account there are 12 months in a "year" there are 896.58333333 days in a month. Therefore there can be over 128 "mondays in a month"
There are 12 months to choose from There are 7 months with 31 days in them. The probability of choosing a 31-day month is 7/12.
It is 1. Every month contains 28 days.