with a sine wave
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Periodically
Just like most any other set of functions, trigonometric functions are subject to differentiation. Trig functions are cool (at least sin and cos are) because as you differentiate, they cycle through until you get back where you started.
The range of the circular trig functions sin and cos is is [-1,1], but even in the case of circular functions the range of the tangent function is all real numbers. This is of course true of tangent even if we do not limit it to circular functions. So your question, I assume, is asking about all trig functions. If so the range is all real numbers.
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