Kepler completely replaced Copernicus's theory of the orbits of the planets, which was based on circles an epicycles, with a new theory using elliptical orbits. However Kepler retained Copernicus's idea of placing the Sun at the centre.
Kepler completely replaced Copernicus's theory of the orbits of the planets, which was based on circles an epicycles, with a new theory using elliptical orbits. However Kepler retained Copernicus's idea of placing the Sun at the centre.
The telescope
You need to say which theories you are asking about.
By looking into space with the telescope.
Kepler completely replaced Copernicus's theory of the orbits of the planets, which was based on circles an epicycles, with a new theory using elliptical orbits. However Kepler retained Copernicus's idea of placing the Sun at the centre.
Galileo developed the telescope, which allowed him to observe celestial bodies such as the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus. These observations provided evidence to support the heliocentric theory proposed by Copernicus.
Galileo
He thought of and supported the heliocentric model, which states the "heavens" revolve around the Sun.
Yes, both Kepler and Newton used mathematics to support the heliocentric view of the universe. Kepler formulated his three laws of planetary motion based on careful observations and mathematical analysis. Newton's law of universal gravitation provided a mathematical explanation for planetary motion around the Sun, further solidifying the heliocentric model.
Galileo's observations of Jupiter and Venus provided crucial support for Copernicus's heliocentric model. By observing Jupiter's four largest moons, he demonstrated that not all celestial bodies orbit the Earth, challenging the geocentric view. Additionally, Galileo noted that Venus exhibited phases similar to the Moon, which could only be explained if Venus orbited the Sun, further reinforcing the idea that the Sun, rather than the Earth, was at the center of the solar system. These findings helped validate Copernicus's assertion that the planets, including Earth, revolve around the Sun.
Copernicus' heliocentric model provided the framework for Galileo to further explore and confirm through his observations with the telescope. Galileo's discoveries, such as the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, provided empirical evidence in support of the heliocentric model and contributed to its acceptance over the geocentric model.
The phases of Venus are well supported by the heliocentric system, but they are also supported very well by the previous geocentric system. All you need for Venus to have phases is that Venus should pass between Earth and Sun. That happens in both the heliocentric system and the geocentric system.