the forces create mountains, valleys, volcanoes, canyons, etc.
topography
Yes, Makkah City i.e. more specifically speaking The Kaabah is the exact centre of the earth. This has been proved scientifically recently. But in Qur'an, which came 1400 years ago, it has been said by Allah that initially on earth there was no land but Kaabah and Allah stretched the land of Kaabah into this whole Earth like one stretches the chappati into a round shape.
Plate tectonics
Its about like a square but has a point on the top
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erosion
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Floods move the earth(soil) and deposits it at another location. this process changes the shape of the land
Geologic forces are forces that can change the geography of the land. An example is the Grand Canyon. It was made by the Colorado River curving it out.
earth has a spherical shape a vast land...moon which has craters..
Upward mountains are mountains that are formed when blocks of Earth's crust are pushed up by forces inside the Earth
Topography
constructive forces change earth by building up land or mountains from the earthquakes. Also, volcanoes spit out lava which turns into new rock. Destructive forces are basically weathering of the land and erosion from water, ice, wind, temperatures, or other natural stuff.
A volcano shapes the earth because when a volcano erupts, the lava hardens, forming new land on the earth's surface
The ice age
Bcouse they create erosion such as tsunami and tonadoes and floods
The forces are physical, by definition, but do affect geology. Gravity is possibly No1, but megnetism is another. The internal heat of the Earth causes Plate Tectonics, volcanoes, and some land movement in general; and of course is a major cause of metamorphic processes in mineralogy. The spin of the Earth - our 24 hour cycle, is the net effect of the accumulation of matter in the past. And in a similar fashion, the tilt of the Earth in its orbit is another.