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Wikipedia tells me that the average litter size for a (female dog, since the b word apparently can't be used even in the correct context) is six. I'll exclude other litter sizes for simplicity.

This turns the question into a simple binomial probability distribution (each puppy of the six can be either male or female,) so I use the formula:

P(x)= (n!/x!(n-x)!) · p^x · (1-p)^(n-x)

Plug in the numbers:

P(x=3) = (6!/3!(6-3)!) · 0.5^3 · (1-0.5)^(6-3)

P(x=3) = 20 · 0.125 · 0.125

P(x=3) = 0.3125 = 5/16

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Q: What is the theoretical probability that there will be exactly three male puppies?
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