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There are two types of mathematical axioms: logical and non-logical.

Logical axioms are the "self-evident," unprovable, mathematical statements which are held to be universally true across all disciplines of math. The axiomatic system known as ZFC has great examples of logical axioms. I added a related link about ZFC if you'd like to learn more.

Non-logical axioms, on the other hand, are the axioms that are specific to a particular branch of mathematics, like arithmetic, propositional calculus, and group theory. I added links to those as well.

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