It is expressing a number in decimal form: that is, a form in which the place value of each digit is one tenth the place value of the digit to its left.
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It is 300 + 10 + 1.
Its decimal "expansion" is 30, as in the question. You could express it as 30.000... except that doing so would imply a greater degree of precision.
1/9
It is 1/100.
A decimal expansion means to write out the base 10 digits of a number. Because irrational numbers do not have a closed form, the decimal expansion will always be an approximation. Consider the irrational number pi, which has the following decimal expansion: 3.14159265... Of course there are more digits to pi than that, which is denoted by the "...". It is sadly impossible to list ALL of the digits of an irrational numbers, since if there were a finite number of digits, you could express it as a fraction, which would not be irrational.