Not sure about the greatest commom factor, but the greatest common factor is b.
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4(16a4 + b2)
4(4a2 - b2) 4(2a + b)(2a - b)
Assuming the missing sign is "minus" then you have the difference between two squares. This is solved as (x + y)(x - y). In your example x = 4a and y = 2b so the factorisation is (4a + 2b)(4a - 2b) or more completely: (4)(2a + b)(2a - b).
2a + 4b + 8c = 2(a + 2b + 4c) You could also continue by factoring the inside of the parentheses a bit: 2a + 4b + 8c = 2(a + 2b + 4c) = 2(a + 2[b + 2c])
They are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36,1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 6a, 9a, 12a, 18a, 36a,1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 6b, 9b, 12b, 18b, 36b,1a2, 2a2, 3a2, 4a2, 6a2, 9a2, 12a2, 18a2, 36a2,1ab, 2ab, 3ab, 4ab, 6ab, 9ab, 12ab, 18ab, 36ab,1b2, 2b2, 3b2, 4b2, 6b2, 9b2, 12b2, 18b2, 36b2.