opposite over adjacent
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The cosine function, like all of the trigonometric functions, is periodic about the rotation around a circle. Since the cosine is defined as the adjacent/hypotenuse of a right triangle, you can clearly see that its value can never be greater than one or less than -1 since the hypotenuse is always longer than the adjacent side. It turns out that, indeed, the cosine's range is from -1 to 1, written [-1,1].
It isn't clear what you want to solve for. To solve trigonometric equations, it often helps to convert other angular functions (tangent, cotangent, secant, cosecant) into the equivalent of sines and cosines. However, the details of course depend on the specific case.
The value of each angle put into a trigonometric function results in exactly one output value, because that angle represents a single set of x and y coordinates on the ray at the end of the unit circle. Since the trigonometric functions are all defined as the ratio of x and/or y and/or 1, there can only be one output value for each angle. However, the reverse is not true. As an example, tangent is defined as sine over cosine, or y over x. This means that an angle of theta plus 180 degrees generates the same value, because y over x is the same as -y over -x.
y=3cos(x) peroid is 2pie
The inverse of the cosine is the secant.