Pretty much any serious statistical model or experiment on anything will use basic calculus to interpret data.
Anything that exponentially grows or decays (radioactive matter, bacteria, population growth, etc.)
Anything that's built to be structurally sound.
Anything that uses the EM spectra (radio, microwaves, visible light, etc.)
All scientific industries use calculus practically constantly.
And on and on and on...
In reality, it's rarely pure theoretical calculus that's being done. Rather, another branch of math based on and built from the principles and results of calculus is primarily used called differential equations.
Don't forget integration, the other "half" of calculus. That is as equally important in your listed applications.
Also, both theoretical and applied calculus use both differentiation and integration. Differentiation isn't a separate branch of maths, but one of the two major branches of calculus as a whole.
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Physicists, chemists, engineers, and many other scientific and technical specialists use calculus constantly in their work. It is a technique of fundamental importance.
Yes if it was not practical it was not there. You can see the real life use on this link http://www.intmath.com/Applications-differentiation/Applications-of-differentiation-intro.php
Determining the "hardest" calculus problem is subjective and can vary depending on individual strengths and weaknesses. However, some commonly challenging calculus problems involve intricate applications of multiple calculus concepts, such as optimization, related rates, or advanced integration techniques. Problems that require a deep understanding of calculus principles, creativity in problem-solving, and the ability to apply various strategies tend to be considered the most difficult.
Simple answer: Calculus involves derivation and integration, precal doesn't. Pre calculus gives you some of the algebraic, geometric and trigonometric understanding that is required to comprehend the concepts in calculus. Without the knowledge from precal, calculus would not be easily understood, as it is taught in schools today.
Some people find calculus easier, others find physics easier. There is no general answer.