A biased sample is a sample that is not random. A biased sample will skew the research because the sample does not represent the population.
0.7.1 Difference between Small and Large Samples:-Though it is difficult t draw a clear-cut line of demarcation between large and small samples it is normally agreed amongst statisticians that a sample is to be recorded as large only if its size exceeds 30. The tests of significance used for dealing with problems samples for the reason that the assumptions that we make in case of large samples do not hold good for small samples.The assumption made while dealing with problems relating to large samples are:-(i) The random sampling distribution of a statistic is approximately normal. and(ii) Values given by the samples are sufficiently close to the population value and can be used in its place for calculating the standard error of the estimate.Fourmula0.7.2 (Large Sample) Testing the significance of the difference between the means of two samples.)To compare the means of two population we must understand the theory concerning the distribution of differences of sample means. Statisticians have determined that the distribution distribution difference between mean d (d Mean's) is approximately normal for large samples of n1 and n2. That is the distribution of differences of sample means is normal as long as neither n1 nor n2 Is less than 30. We can therefore use the probabilities associated with the normal distribution to construct confidence intervals and to perform hypothesis tests associated with this distribution.PROCUEDURS:-1. To compare the (μ1) mean of population 1 with the mean (μ2), of population 2 two independent random random samples of sizes n1 and n2 are to be selected from population 1 and population 2 respectively.By independent we mean that the sample drawn from population 1, in no way affects the sample drawn from population 2 fro example drawing two samples from men population and women population2. Compute (Mean1) and (Mean 2) i.e., mean of the sample 1 and 23. Computer the difference in the two samples means, d (mean) i.e,. d(Mean) = (Mean1 -Mean2).Thus for each pair of sample means of (Mean1) and (Mean2). a value of d(Mean) is obtained. The result is therefore a distribution of d(Mean)s.4. If μ1 and σ1 are the parameters of population 1. and μ2 and σ2 are the parameters of population 2, then for the distribution of d(Mean)s the menu μd(Mean)s is given by the equationμd(Mean)s = μ1 - μ2 the mean of the difference of the distribution of mean is the difference of the means of the two populations being compared.5. The standard deviation (or standard error) of the distribution of d(mean)s (written as σd(Mean)s) is given by the equation(Large Sample) Testing the significance of the difference between the means of two samples.)1. Point Estimation:- According to Central Limit Theorem for large samples the means of sampling distribution are normally distributed. The procedure that is frequently used to obtain a point estimate for the m of some population involves the following steps:(a) Select a representation (random) sample of the population.(b) Determine the mean (Mean) of the sample data(c) Assert that the value of M is the corresponding value of (Mean) i.e., = μ.2. Interval Estimation:-An extension of the above method of obtaining an estimate for μ is with the confidence interval, i.e., an interval estimate for μ.The advantages of interval estimate are:1. Interval estimate is more likely to be correct than the point estimate.2. We can calculate the probability that a given interval contains the mean of a population. We therefore speak of a specific interval as having "90' per cent probability of containing μ.3. We can choose the value of the probability we want for a given interval before we actually construct it.Recall that the central limit theorem asserts that for large sample sizes, the means are normally distributed. Furthermore, we know that any given mean (Mean) value can be standardized with the equation.Where μ = Mean of the populationμ.(Mean) = Mean of the sampling distribution of means.σ (Mean) = standard error or sampling distributionSinceμ.(Mean) μ we can write the following equationNow, with a given pair of Z values associated with some percentage of the Z distribution and equation, we can determine an upper and lower boundary for the same percentage of (Mean) values in the given mean distribution.
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"Macroeconomics" refers to the study of how national or regional economies allocate scarce resources. Seeing as this is one of the broadest topics in economics, there are a great many questions that deal with it. These can be questions that ask the difference between different indicators, questions that ask what the monetary policy would be in a given situation, or questions that deal with macroeconomic history. Here are a few sample questions: 1) What is the difference between RGDP and NGDP? 2) What is an example of expansionary fiscal policy? 3) What is one contribution of Keynes to modern fiscal policy? 4) Why is a production possibility curve usually bowed outward?
the sampled population includes all people whom are included in the sample, the targeted population is what the statistics practitioner is targeting or questioning
Information obtained from the sample can be extrapolated to the whole population using statistics.
A representative sample is one where the statistics of the sample are the same as the statistics for the parent population.
What is the difference between the population and sample regression functions? Is this a distinction without difference?
A population survey, better known as a census, entails the collection of each unit in the population. In sample survey information is collected from a subset of the population. The subset, or sample, needs to be selected carefully so that it is representative of the whole population and, if that requirement is met, statistics based on the sample are good estimators for the corresponding population parameters.
A sample of a population is a subset of the population. The average of the population is a statistical measure for some variable of the population.
A sample is any subset of the total population. A representative sample is one that is chosen so that its characteristics are similar to that of the population.
in statistics a sample is a subset of population..
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Statistics: Survey of an entire population, as opposed to a sample survey.
The score of each individual or a single data is called STATISTIC. As a result, STATISTICS is the act of creating, comparing, interpreting, and analyzing data. Because the population is nearly impossible to reach, statistics is concerned with the sample rather than the population.
Inferential statistics. This branch of statistics involves making inferences or predictions about a population based on data collected from a sample taken from that population.