Information obtained from the sample can be extrapolated to the whole population using statistics.
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A representative sample is one where the statistics of the sample are the same as the statistics for the parent population.
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The sample mean may differ from the population mean, especially for small samples.
A population survey, better known as a census, entails the collection of each unit in the population. In sample survey information is collected from a subset of the population. The subset, or sample, needs to be selected carefully so that it is representative of the whole population and, if that requirement is met, statistics based on the sample are good estimators for the corresponding population parameters.
Inferential statistics.