Yes, they are in fact very common in commercial buildings and are becoming more popular in custom homes. The thing is the floor box and cover plates are specialized and expensive. The plates are typically a brass alloy. You can check with someone like Home Depot but I don't know if they stock those parts.
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I use a hammer from the floor to the bottom of the outlet. This equates to about 13". Usual construction specifications from the electrical engineers is 300mm or 12 inches to center of the device.
It would be impractical to mount them high upon the wall. The child would then just pull on the wire connected to the outlet. Besides modern outlets are childproof and are required in all new homes by the Electrical Code. Older outlets can be made childproof by installing a simple plastic cap.
There is no code ruling on this. I set mine 12" to center. If you are putting in a new outlet in an existing home I would suggest you just match it to the height of the rest of the outlets.
outlets thats one!
one foot from ground floor distance outlet five foot distance switch