I use a hammer from the floor to the bottom of the outlet. This equates to about 13".
Usual construction specifications from the electrical engineers is 300mm or 12 inches to center of the device.
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one foot from ground floor distance outlet five foot distance switch
It would be impractical to mount them high upon the wall. The child would then just pull on the wire connected to the outlet. Besides modern outlets are childproof and are required in all new homes by the Electrical Code. Older outlets can be made childproof by installing a simple plastic cap.
The answer is no, not generally. All that means is I wouldn't do it that way. It all depends on how much you want to go out if that circuit trips. Having outlets on different circuits isn't as important as having lighting on different circuits. If a lighting circuit trips, and in a home the lighting and outlets share circuits, you don't want every room on that floor to be dark. So you might consider wiring a room on one floor on the same circuit as the room above or below. That's fine. But if there are 4 rooms in close proximity on the same floor, I wouldn't put all the lighting on one circuit, even though that is an acceptable installation.
Standard rule, top to the fixture same height as top to the door.
There is no code ruling on this. I set mine 12" to center. If you are putting in a new outlet in an existing home I would suggest you just match it to the height of the rest of the outlets.