Except for the ground wire they must be insulated.
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PVC is a material, Poly vinyl chloride - a type of plastic. 20 mm is a size, probably inner diameter of a cylindrical pipe. Conduit means that it's used to run something like other wires, or a thinner pipe, through.
Yes, this only adds up to four wires. The wire sizing is dependant on the amperage of the two single phase loads. Remember to calculate the conduit fill of the four wires to make sure that you have the correct size conduit for the installation.
Yes, 120 and 240 volts can be run in the same conduit.
The conductors of any three phase circuit must be run in the same conduit. If the circuit requires a neutral, it must also run with the conductors in the same conduit. (If they were to be run in more than one conduit or raceway, the circuit would not operate properly.)
50 mm or 2 inch will handle the 3/0 wires for a 200 amp service.