8-bit 2s complement representation of -19 is 11101101
For 1s complement invert all the bits.
For 2s complement add 1 to the 1s complement:
With 8-bits:
19 � 0001 0011
1s � 1110 1100
2s � 1110 1100 + 1 = 1110 1101
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You take 1245 and form the two's complement of it then add it to D257. The two's complement of a number is defined as the 1's complement + 1. In signed two's complement arithmetic, the most significant bit is the "sign" bit. 1 indicates a negative number and 0 indicates a positive number. To find the magnitude of a negative number, take it's two's complement (ignoring carry bits). To get the two's complement of 1245, take the 1's complement of 1245 and add 1. In binary 1245 is 0001001001000101. The one's complement is 1110110110111010 (in hex that's EDBA) . Adding 1 to this will give you the two's complement. That is EDBA+0001 (ignore the carry if any), is EDBB. Now you add EDBB to D257 and ignore any carry, so that will be 1C012 (throw away the carry bit), C012. C012 is a negative number (the sign bit, the most significant bit, is 1). To find its magnitude, apply the two's complement algorithm above, and you'll find it to be -16365. Note: D257 is a negative number, and you're subracting a positive number, so you're going to end up with another negative number, i.e. adding the two's complement of a number is the same thing as subtracting the number. You can check your result by doing the math in decimal to see if it adds up. D257 in decimal = -11688 (you apply the two's complement to the number to find the magnitude, and the sign is negative because the sign bit, the most signficant bit is 1). 1245 in decimal = 4677. -11688-4677 = -16365 (which in hex signed two's complement is C012).
0 10000011 11100000000000000000000
one's complement is a bitwise complement of a binary number. (ie, 1 becomes 0 and 0 becomes 1) A one's complement isn't really used as much as a two's complement. A two's complement is used in a system where the larges bit in a binary number represents a negative number. so the bits for a 4 bit number would have the values of (from right to left): -8, 4, 2, 1 this allows you to represent any number from -8 (1000) to positive 7 (0111) To find the two's complement of a number, you take the one's complement, and then add 1. This significant because if a computer wants to subtract two numbers, it simply takes the two's complement of the second number and adds them together. More significance arises in digital circuits when constructing circuits using only nand/nor gates, as these perform slightly faster than and/or gates.
The gray code for the decimal number 6 in four-bit format is 1011. To convert from binary to gray code, the most significant bit (MSB) remains the same, and each subsequent bit is derived by XORing the current bit with the previous bit in the binary representation. The binary representation of 6 is 0110, which converts to gray code as follows: 0 (MSB), 1 (0 XOR 1), 1 (1 XOR 1), 1 (1 XOR 0), resulting in 1011.
A 0 or 1 in a binary number is called a bit. A binary number is made up of only ones and zeroes.