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Anything that is symmetrical about its horizontal centreline
y = 1. When the degree of your numerator is the same with the degree of your denominator, then y = the ratio of the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator is the horizontal asymptote.
The offset in a 45-degree pipe run refers to the vertical or horizontal distance a pipe is shifted from its original line due to the angled connection. In practical terms, when a pipe is installed at a 45-degree angle, it creates a diagonal path that results in both vertical and horizontal displacement. The actual offset can be calculated using trigonometric principles based on the length of the pipe run and the angle. Typically, for a 45-degree angle, the horizontal and vertical offsets are equal.