Yes. When all vectors point in the same direction the inequality rule is applied and r can be less than r1 + r2.
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For a start, you can't compare a vector with a scalar, so you can't really compare a vector with its magnitude, either. To say which is larger, you can't even compare one vector with another - you can only compare their magnitudes.
If the scalar is > 1 the resultant vector will be larger and in the same direction. = 1 the resultant vector will be the same as the original vector. between 0 and 1 the resultant vector will be smaller and in the same direction. = 0 the resultant vector will be null. If the scalar is less than 0, then the pattern will be the same as above except that the direction of the resultant will be reversed.
No a vector may not have a component greater than its magnitude. When dealing with highschool phyics problems, the magnitude is usually the sum of two or more components and one component will offset the other, causing the magnitude to be less then its component
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The resultant vector IS the sum of the individual vectors. Its magnitudecan be the sum of their individual magnitudes or less, but not greater.