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Yes. Although it may not seem like it when the surface is curved, the angles are taken in respect to the "tangent" (derivative) to the curve.
The COEFFICIENT of Refraction.
One component = (magnitude) times (cosine of the angle).Other component = (magnitude) times (sine of the angle).In order to decide which is which, we have to know the angle with respect to what.
50. It is always two times the rotation.
The angle of reflection (θr) off a planar surface (eg. mirror) is equal to the angle of incidence (θi) on that surface. They are measured with respect to the normal, which is an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the surface. Or, in simpler terms, the angle of reflection is the same as the angle of incidence.