A quadratic, of the form ax2 + c can always be factorised as a(x2 + c/a).
It can be factorised into real linear factors only if c is negative. So suppose c = -d where d is positive. Then
ax2 - d = a(x2 - d/a) = a*[x - √(d/a)]*[x + √(d/a)]
The linear factors are rational only if d/a is a rational square.
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dunctions are not set equal to a value
It is the value of the discriminant of a quadratic equation.
You substitute the value of the variable into the quadratic equation and evaluate the expression.
They each typically have two solutions, a positive one and a negative one.
That depends on the value of its discriminant if its less than zero then it has no real roots.