A set of measurements is taken of a physical object or space, and the measurements uniformly reduced by a large factor, to create a model or chart in a smaller, more usable form. e.g. Scale models of buildings, terrain maps.
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If drawn to full-sized scale, the scale of something that is halved is 1/2" = 1 "
it is both. you can scale something by climbing it. but it is also a noun because there are scales, like say, a weight scale at a doctors office
Size is how big something is, scale is how much is in that object. Think of the universe for example.
An example of a scale would be how much you Weigh now then how much you used to way and a scale can tell you how far apart your weight is now. So technically its something to help you measure things and tell how far apart things are.
If you are drawing something say in a 1/10 scale or a 1:10 scale, this will make the lines in your picture or map 10 times smaller than in real life