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Pythagorean Triples
That refers to any solution of the equation a2 + b2 = c2, where a, b, and c are positive integers. For example, 3, 4, 5; or 5, 12, 13.
They are sets of three integers. The squares of two of them add up to the square of the third.
Fermat's last theorem says there does not exist three positive integers a, b, and c which can satisfy the equation an + bn = cn for any integer value of n greater than 2. (2 with be pythagoran triples so we don't include that) Fermat proved the case for n=4, but did not leave a general proof. The proof of this theorem came in 1995. Taylor and Wiles proved it but the math they used was not even known when Fermat was alive so he could not have done a similar proof.
They are sets of integers such that the sum of the squares of two of the numbers equals the square of the third. For example, 5, 12 and 13 where 52 + 122 = 132