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A statement which appears to be true but has not been proven to be so, is a postulate.
None; because there is no justification for assuming that the two triangles (or trangles, as you prefer to call them) are similar.
similar - SAS
Euclid's second postulate allows that line segment to be extended farther in that same direction, so that it can reach any required distance. This could result in an infinitely long line.
Yes, triangles ABC and DEF are congruent if all corresponding sides and angles are equal. The congruence postulate that applies in this case could be the Side-Angle-Side (SAS) postulate, which states that if two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the triangles are congruent. Other applicable postulates include Side-Side-Side (SSS) and Angle-Angle-Side (AAS), depending on the known measurements.