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for whatever point (x, y):

r= sqrt( x2+ y2 ) from pythagorean theorem.

basic trig function since the x and y axes are perpendicular to each other:

tan theta = y/x (opposite over adjacent)

theta = tan-1 (y/x)

(r, theta) ----> ( sqrt( x2+ y2 ), tan-1 (y/x) )

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Q: Transform between Cartesian and polar coordinates?
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