The answer depends on the level at which the student is expected to be. A 15-year old should know the probability of getting heads on the toss of a coin but even a mathematics graduate - who did not specialise in probability - would be expected to be able to prove the mathematical relationship between the Normal distribution and the F-distribution. If asked, most student would not even know what the second part of the sentence meant.
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The answer depends on the probability distribution of WHAT variable. The variable could be the sum or the product of the three numbers, the maximum, minimum, the mean, median, number of 3s, number of primes, and so on.
The answer to this question depends on how easy or difficult the eight questions are. If, for example, the questions were based on Godel's incompleteness theorem it is very likely that nobody could answer them - ever.
It could refer to four standard errors. If an observation from a Gaussian (normal) distribution is 4 standard errors away from the mean, it has an extremely low probability.
Depends on the questions, and how they are answered. T/F, multiple choice, matching, essay, etc. Could be randomly answering, making educated guesses, or applying some amount of knowledge on the subject. Each of these impacts the probability of supplying correct answers.
You could calculate it by integrating the chi-square probability distribution function but you are likely to be much better off using a table in a book or on the web.