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The independent variable is the variable that the scientist controls and can change in an experiment. There should be only one independent variable in an experiment; otherwise the cause-and-effect of the independent variable cannot be determined.

The dependent variable is the variable that is affected by the independent variable.

EXAMPLE:

Students of the same age have been given different sleeping hours (the independent variable)

The next day they are tested for their performance (the dependent variable).

(Having students the same age is a third type of variable, called the constant variable or the control variable. It is deliberately kept the same to reduce any effects on the outcome.)

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Q: What does independent variable and dependent variable mean?
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