It means to use pencils and paper, rather than computers, or calculators.
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you take your pencil and paper and answer it
To do their own math they used pencil and paper. Otherwise they relied on mission control to perform the calculations and send them up via radio.
When a pencil is rubbed on paper fiction causes a small amount of the graphite from the core of the pencil to be left on the paper. This leaves a visible mark.
Pencil and paper, and a radio link back to NASA where they could talk to men with slide rules.
Paper used for math is called grapging paper!!