Making the length of the pendulum longer. Also, reducing gravitation (that is, using the pendulum on a low-gravity world would also increase the period).
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The period increases - by a factor of sqrt(2).
Increases.
It messes up the math. For large amplitude swings, the simple relation that the period of a pendulum is directly proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum (only, assuming constant gravity) no longer holds. Specifically, the period increases with increasing amplitude.
The period is proportional to the square root of the length so if you quadruple the length, the period will double.
The period of a pendulum (in seconds) is 2(pi)√(L/g), where L is the length and g is the acceleration due to gravity. As acceleration due to gravity increases, the period decreases, so the smaller the acceleration due to gravity, the longer the period of the pendulum.