Depends on if it's just inches deep, or a couple miles. For a shallow hole, use a ruler, tape measure, or yardstick. See where the earth measures when the other end hits the bottom of the hole. For a deep hole, tie a large rock to the end of a rope, make a mark on the rope when the rock hits the bottom, then measure that area of the rope once you pull it up.
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To compare it with how much is being taken in, in order to accurately judge how well the excretory system is working.
There is none. If an accurate measure was possible then statistical techniques would not be required. A maximum likelihood estimate is probably better than other statistical estimates.
What feature of the cupboard? Mass - kilogram Height, Width - Metre Depth - Centimetre Volume - Litre Height, width and depth should be measured in millimetres for designing or fitting the cupboard.
A sound level meter would be used to measure sound level, and the unit is in decibels, dB. You could also measure it with a microphone and oscilloscope, provided you could calibrate them against standard instruments.
You find the area of one side (base x height) and then multiply that by the depth of the cube.