The answer is The Microscope.
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telescope
Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.Concrete.
The invention of the transistor - and the later invention of the integrated circuit, which uses transistors - made it possible to have thousands, and eventually millions and billions of components on an area of a few square centimeters, making it possible to produce complicated circuits, and thus build lots of electronic devices, including modern computers.
flying shuttle
Necessity is the mother of invention. You must know you have a need, a driving force. There are time when advancements are made by mistakes but those are few and far between.