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A great number of people have a problem with this, which causes quite an amount of trouble. Number refers to something that can be counted. Amount refers to an unknown quantity or something that cannot be quantified, like feelings, intentions, impressions, etc.
statistical
This depends on what you are observing, but since number and amount are both measurements of quantity, they are somewhat interchangeable. Observations usually deal with both, because an observation is the action of observing something to collect information, and most information has to be quantified in order to be useful. And when quantifying something, a number or an amount has to be used.
an approximate calculation or judgment of the value, number, quantity, or extent of something
Calculate means to determine (the amount or number of something) mathematically.