The number you read on the speedometer of your car is the
present rate of change of the distance you've covered.
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To find the rate of change. Velocity, for example, is the rate of change of distance - in a specified direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
Velocity is the rate of change of position. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. How fast you spend money. How fast you do a certain job done, assuming it can be split into pieces. For example, wash dishes.
This is done with a process of limits. Average rate of change is, for example, (change of y) / (change of x). If you make "change of x" smaller and smaller, in theory (with certain assumptions, a bit too technical to mention here), you get closer and closer to the instant rate of change. In the "limit", when "change of x" approaches zero, you get the true instantaneous rate of change.
A banana is a non example of rate. They have nothing to do with each other.
The first derivative is the rate of change, and the second derivative is the rate of change of the rate of change.