Fourier analysis began with trying to understand when it was possible to represent general functions by sums of simpler trigonometric functions.
The attempt to understand functions (or other objects) by breaking them into basic pieces that are easier to understand is one of the central themes in Fourier analysis.
Fourier analysis is named after Joseph Fourier who showed that representing a function by a trigonometric series greatly simplified the study of heat propagation.
If you want to find out more, look up fourier synthesis and the fourier transform.
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It is to convert a function into a sum of sine (or cosine) functions so as to simplify its analysis.
Fourier analysis shows that the saw wave is constructed through manipulation of a sine wave, I can't remember the maths behind it but it's definitely a sine wave.
Joseph Fourier is a French mathematician and physicist. Fourier is generally credited with the discovery of the greenhouse effect.
Fourier series is the sum of sinusoids representing the given function which has to be analysed whereas discrete fourier transform is a function which we get when summation is done.
discrete fourier transformer uses digital signals whereas the fast fourier transform uses both analog and digital.