sample data drawn from one population is completely unrelated to the selection of sample data from the other population.
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You choose the values of the independent variable. The dependent variable is the one you measure.
They are called the arguments of the function.
That is not necessarily so. You can have the X-Values in the numerator and the Y-values in the denominator. The only half-way decent explanation is in the X-values represent an independent variable and the Ys are dependent.
Sometimes. There need not be any independent variable - if the variables are all intercorrelated through feedback.