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This means that if you value honesty you have chosen it freely from among alternatives and after considering its consequences.
Typically the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal (x) axis. Usually time is an independent variable, and the other variables are dependent on time and other factors. In general, yes, plots involving time would show time as the x-axis.
Because if you have none, there is no point in doing the experiment. If you have more than one you will have interactions between the independent variables but, with a good experimental design, these can be estimated so there is no reason to use independent variables one at a time.
polyphonic
Time series is a method of using past data to predict future values. It is based on the assumption that there is an undelying trend to the data. To predict future values, we use the concept of moving averages.