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You age, your height, your mass, the speed at which you run, the energy you burn in doing so. They may be measured as discrete quantities but the underlying variables are all continuous.
In Computer Programming and Mathematics, variables and constants are ways to refering to a value. For example X=1 and Y=2 The difference being, variables are meant to be arbitary and changable, while constants are meant to be fixed and unchangable. For example, there is no reason for the value of Pi to change. So the value of Pi would best be represented by a constant.
The underlying principle is that the square of an independent Normal variable has a chi-square distribution with one degree of freedom (df). A second principle is that the sum of k independent chi-squares variables is a chi-squared variable with k df.
A mathematical model is the representation of a relationship or state or phenomenon in a mathematical form using control variables.
Every time the independent variables change, the dependent variables change.Dependent variables cannot change if the independent variables didn't change.