sine 45 = 0.850903525
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You mean, "N in 45 degrees"? Ans. sine(45) = 0.7071 N
It can. The sine function is defined for all numbers--negative, 0, and positive. The function is periodic and repeats every 360 degrees.
The number 1.414... (square root of 2) is two times the cosine or sine of a 45 degree angle. The reason for this is that for a 45 degree angle, the two sides are cosine and sine, they are equal, and if you solve using the Pythagorean theorem with a hypotenuse of 1, the two sides are each (21/2)/2.
sine 810 = sine 90 = 1
Sine(A+ B) = Sine(A)*Cosine(B) + Cosine(A)*Sine(B).