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I am not sure what you mean by a "fundamental" number (I've never heard of that term being used with reference to the numbers themselves); I guess you mean an "integer". For a triangle to exist the shorter two sides must be longer than the longest side. Thus there is an upper limit to the length of the longest side of a triangle. For a given perimeter, the longest side must be less than half the perimeter. For a perimeter of 42cm this means that the longest side is less than 42 cm ÷ 2 = 21 cm. If we focus on the longest side of a triangle, as it becomes shorter, one or both of the other two sides must increase in length, they can equal but never be longer than this longest side. Thus there is also a lower limit below which the longest side cannot be; this is when all three sides are equal and the triangle is an equilateral triangle. For a perimeter of 42cm the longest side is greater than or equal to 42 cm ÷ 3 = 14 cm So with a perimeter of 42 cm we have: 14 cm ≤ longest side < 21 cm Which means for an integer length, the longest side can be 14 cm, 15 cm, 16 cm, 17 cm, 18 cm, 19 cm or 20 cm.
1) A famous mathematician. 2) The word is often used for the relationship a2 + b2 = c2. This applies to a right triangle, assuming "c" is the longest side (the side opposite the right angle).
SAS (Side-Angle-Side) is a geometric term that describes if two triangles are congruent - whether it is a right triangle or not.
The term "length" is usually used for the rectangle's longest side.
The description given fits that of a right angle triangle