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The pleura is a membrane that surrounds the lungs of mammals. Presumably, the phrase means that the surface of the pleura was found to be normal in an examination.
The skin surface is not large enough for big creatures such as humans; therefore we have structures in our lungs that greatly increase the surface area.
No, humans are typically born with two lungs. The development of lungs is part of standard human anatomy, and variations such as having more than two lungs are extremely rare and usually associated with serious congenital conditions. While some animals may have different respiratory structures, humans consistently have two lungs.
When fully stretched out, the surface area of the lungs is estimated to be about the size of a tennis court, roughly 70 square meters (750 square feet). This large surface area is essential for efficient gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled. The extensive branching of the bronchi and alveoli contributes to this expansive area, maximizing the lungs' functionality.
Alveolar sac and alveoli
The most numerous cells in the lungs are the alveolar epithelial cells, specifically the type I alveolar cells which make up about 95% of the alveolar surface area. These cells are responsible for gas exchange and maintaining the structural integrity of the alveoli.
lungs
function of alveolar macrophagesThe function of alveolar macrophage in the lungs is to remove dust particles and other debris from alveolar spaces. -SheshiAveolar macrophages work to break up surfactanct in the aveoli which exists to decrease surface tension in the lungs. If there is a disorder where the macrophage does not function correctly, such as in PAP, the surfactant will not be broken up and decreased ventilation will occur resulting in less oxygen delivery.
the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Intra-alveolar surface tension is caused by the presence of fluid lining the alveoli, mainly composed of surfactant molecules. Surfactant helps reduce surface tension by lowering the cohesive forces between water molecules, preventing alveolar collapse during exhalation and allowing for efficient gas exchange in the lungs.
Pulmonary surfactant...see link for more information.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease of the lungs.
Surfactant is produced by the type II alveolar cells in the lungs. These cells secrete surfactant which helps lower surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse and facilitating gas exchange.
Cilia are hair-like structures that cover the surface of certain epithelial cells, particularly in the respiratory tract, helping to move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways. The alveolar surface, on the other hand, is lined with alveolar epithelial cells, primarily type I and type II pneumocytes, which facilitate gas exchange in the lungs and produce surfactant to reduce surface tension. Together, cilia and the alveolar surface play crucial roles in maintaining respiratory health and efficient gas exchange.
Interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid.
Type 1 alveolar cells